Reported Speech

موضوع: Reported Speech الأحد نوفمبر 08, 2009 2:34 am

Grammar notes: reported speech
[size=9]Definition
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
"I'm going to the cinema".
He said he was going to the cinema. </BLOCKQUOTE>
Basic tense chart
The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
present simple
I'm a teacher. past simple
He said he was a teacher
present continuous
I'm having lunch with my parents. past continuous.
He said he was having lunch with his parents.
present perfect simple
I've been to France three times. past perfect simple
He said he had been to France three times.
present perfect continuous
I've been working very hard. past perfect continuous
He said he had been working very hard.
past simple
I bought a new car. past perfect
He said he had bought a new car.
past continuous
It was raining earlier. past perfect continuous
He said it had been raining earlier.
past perfect
The play had started when I arrived. past perfect
NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
past perfect continuous
I'd already been living in London for five years. past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE POSSIBLE

Other verb forms
Other verb forms also sometimes change:
will
I'll come and see you soon. would
He said he would come and see me soon.
can
I can swim under water for two minutes. could
He said he could swim under water for two minutes.
must
All tickets must be bought in advance. had to
He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance.
shall
What shall we do about it? should
He asked what we should do about it.
may
May I smoke? might
He asked if he might smoke.

Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives.
positive imperative
Shut up! tell + infinitive
He told me to shut up.
negative imperative
Don't do that again! tell + not + infinitive
He told me not to do it again.
imperatives as requests
Please give me some money. ask + infinitive
He asked me to give him some money.

When verbs don't follow the rules
The verb tenses do not always follow the rules shown above. For example, if the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change in the reported sentence. Also, a sentence in direct speech in a present or future tense can remain the same if what is said is still true or relevant. For example:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
You've invited someone for dinner at your house, and the phone rings. It's them! They say:
I'm sorry, but I think I'm going to be a bit late. There's a lot of traffic.
After you finish speaking on the phone, you say to someone else:
That was Juan. He said he thinks he's going to be late because there's a lot of traffic. </BLOCKQUOTE>
Another example:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
A friend says to you:
María's ill. She's got chickenpox!
You say to someone else:
Laura said that María's ill. She's got chickenpox.
However, the following day you see María at the beach. You're surprised and say to her:
Laura said that you were ill. She said you had chickenpox.
This has to change to the past because it isn't true. María obviously isn't ill. </BLOCKQUOTE>
Direct statements in a past tense do not always change either, because a change might alter the meaning or just make it sound confusing. For example:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
A friend is telling you about the horrible weather:
It started raining heavily when I left work.
This is where things get confusing:
He said it had started raining heavily when he had left work (it sounds horrible and the sentence is almost nothing but verbs).
He said it had started raining heavily when he left work (is wrong because it means it was already raining when he left work)
He said it started raining heavily when he left work (is the best version because it is accurate, short, and there is no confusion because of the time context) </BLOCKQUOTE>
Generally speaking, the past simple and continuous don't always need to be changed if:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
there is a time context which makes everything clear,
and/or
there is another action already using the past perfect, which might alter the meaning or make things confusing.</BLOCKQUOTE>

Time and place references
Time and place references often have to change:
now then
today that day
here there
this that
this week that week
tomorrow the following day
the next day
the day after
next week the following week
the next week
the week after
yesterday the previous day
the day before
last week the previous week
the week before
ago previously
before
2 weeks ago 2 weeks previously
2 weeks before
tonight that night
last Saturday the previous Saturday
the Saturday before
next Saturday the following Saturday
the next Saturday
the Saturday after
that Saturday
Examples:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
I went to the theatre last night.
He said he had gone to the theatre the night before.
I'm having a party next weekend.
He said he was having a party the next weekend.
I'm staying here until next week.
He said he was staying there until the following week.
I came over from London 3 years ago.
He said he had come over from London 3 years before. </BLOCKQUOTE>

Personal pronouns
You also need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need to be changed according to the situation. You need to know the context. For example, there is possible confusion when you try to change reported speech to direct speech:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
She said she'd been waiting for hours.
(Is she one person or two different people?)
I told them they would have to ask permission.
(Are we talking about two groups of people or only one?)</BLOCKQUOTE>[/size]